摘要 :
Technological innovation starts with pure research and ends with product design. It is commonly called 'research and development', or just 'R&D'. This jargon obscures a relatively complex process which is not widely understood and, consequently, R&D is frequently mismanaged. The article describes a structure for technological innovation which provides a basis for its proper management....
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Technological innovation starts with pure research and ends with product design. It is commonly called 'research and development', or just 'R&D'. This jargon obscures a relatively complex process which is not widely understood and, consequently, R&D is frequently mismanaged. The article describes a structure for technological innovation which provides a basis for its proper management.
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Purpose - Given the immense gains in productivity in agriculture and mining over the last decades, the purpose of this paper is to study knowledge transfer from Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) into primary sector prod...
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Purpose - Given the immense gains in productivity in agriculture and mining over the last decades, the purpose of this paper is to study knowledge transfer from Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) into primary sector producers. The authors inquire which of these RTOs are successfully competing for public funding, and how these funds are used. Also, the authors study what makes an RTO more (financially) successful in technology transfer than their peers and which RTOs transferred technology that was new to the Russian market. Design/methodology/approach - This research is based on 62 RTOs which reported technology transfer to enterprises with main economic activities classified by NACE rev 1 as "A - agriculture, hunting and forestry" and "B - fishing" and "C - mining and quarrying," including oil and gas extraction. Findings - The authors found remarkable differences between the Russian RTOs and their OECD peers, but also differences between agriculture and mining. Interestingly, competitive funding plays a different role in both industries. In agriculture, a more conservative funding paradigm prevails, and competitive funding is less important and more reliance on classical annually revolving funds is given. Competitive funding here is more used to strengthen basic R&D and to generate patentable knowledge, while in mining, these funds support technology transfer. Originality/value - This is, to the knowledge, the first detailed study on Russian RTOs servicing her primary sector. The authors believe that studying these RTOs is of great value as RTOs are broadly under-researched and various scholars have called for more fine-grained analyses to better understand their role in the innovation system.
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Energy research and development (R&D) and environmental sustainability is often referred to as two interrelated trends, especially in the current context of the 4(th) industrial revolution. As a primary input of energy innovations, R&D in the energy sector constitutes a vital tool in addressing global environmental and energy challenges. In this frame, we observe the effects of disaggregated energy R&D on environmental pollution within the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework in thirteen developed countries over the period 2003-2018. By employing the panel quantile regression technique, we find an inverted U-shaped nexus between economic growth and carbon emissions only in higher carbon-emitting countries, thus, confirming the EKC hypothesis. However, the U-shaped nexus is more predominant in lower carbon-emitting countries. As such, we demonstrate that there is not any single dynamic in the relationship between economic growth and pollution as reported in previous studies. Contrary to expectations, we find that energy efficiency research and development is more effective in curbing carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels and renewable energy research and development. The empirical results indicate also that only energy efficiency R&D mitigates significantly the CO2 emissions from the 50(th) quantile up to 90(th) quantile, although the magnitude of the negative sign is more pronounced (in absolute term) at the highest quantile (90th). In this light, our findings would guide policymakers in the establishment of sustainable energy research and development schemes that will allow the preservation of equilibrium for the environment while also promoting energy innovations....
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Energy research and development (R&D) and environmental sustainability is often referred to as two interrelated trends, especially in the current context of the 4(th) industrial revolution. As a primary input of energy innovations, R&D in the energy sector constitutes a vital tool in addressing global environmental and energy challenges. In this frame, we observe the effects of disaggregated energy R&D on environmental pollution within the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework in thirteen developed countries over the period 2003-2018. By employing the panel quantile regression technique, we find an inverted U-shaped nexus between economic growth and carbon emissions only in higher carbon-emitting countries, thus, confirming the EKC hypothesis. However, the U-shaped nexus is more predominant in lower carbon-emitting countries. As such, we demonstrate that there is not any single dynamic in the relationship between economic growth and pollution as reported in previous studies. Contrary to expectations, we find that energy efficiency research and development is more effective in curbing carbon emissions compared to fossil fuels and renewable energy research and development. The empirical results indicate also that only energy efficiency R&D mitigates significantly the CO2 emissions from the 50(th) quantile up to 90(th) quantile, although the magnitude of the negative sign is more pronounced (in absolute term) at the highest quantile (90th). In this light, our findings would guide policymakers in the establishment of sustainable energy research and development schemes that will allow the preservation of equilibrium for the environment while also promoting energy innovations.
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I am writing in response to the interesting letters from Dr Katrina Bannigan and Jean McQueen (BJOT November 2008) and from the College of Occupational Therapists' Research and Development group (COT R&D) (December 2008) on the subject of evidence-based practice. These were in response to earlier letters by Peter Thorneycroft (September 2008) and me (October 2008). Having reflected on the responses, I would like to clarify some of the points raised from my perspective....
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I am writing in response to the interesting letters from Dr Katrina Bannigan and Jean McQueen (BJOT November 2008) and from the College of Occupational Therapists' Research and Development group (COT R&D) (December 2008) on the subject of evidence-based practice. These were in response to earlier letters by Peter Thorneycroft (September 2008) and me (October 2008). Having reflected on the responses, I would like to clarify some of the points raised from my perspective.
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摘要 :
I am writing in response to the interesting letters from Dr Katrina Bannigan and Jean McQueen (BJOT November 2008) and from the College of Occupational Therapists' Research and Development group (COT R&D) (December 2008) on the subject of evidence-based practice. These were in response to earlier letters by Peter Thorneycroft (September 2008) and me (October 2008). Having reflected on the responses, I would like to clarify some of the points raised from my perspective....
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I am writing in response to the interesting letters from Dr Katrina Bannigan and Jean McQueen (BJOT November 2008) and from the College of Occupational Therapists' Research and Development group (COT R&D) (December 2008) on the subject of evidence-based practice. These were in response to earlier letters by Peter Thorneycroft (September 2008) and me (October 2008). Having reflected on the responses, I would like to clarify some of the points raised from my perspective.
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In this paper, we show that the optimal makespan of the flow shop problem grows as
$\mathrm{O}(n)$
when the size of the problem is large enough. And two lower bounds with performance guarantee are presented to deal with the obje...
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In this paper, we show that the optimal makespan of the flow shop problem grows as
$\mathrm{O}(n)$
when the size of the problem is large enough. And two lower bounds with performance guarantee are presented to deal with the objectives of minimizing respectively makespan and total weighted completion time. At the end of the paper, the effectiveness of the two lower bounds is showed by computational results.
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Participatory and other approaches to technology development have shared a recent preoccupation with specific methods and doubts about just how much can be expected of the methods themselves, as opposed to how they are applied, by...
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Participatory and other approaches to technology development have shared a recent preoccupation with specific methods and doubts about just how much can be expected of the methods themselves, as opposed to how they are applied, by whom, and in what circumstances. Detailed analysis of historical cases suggests that the development of both technologies and methodologies is highly dependent on local context. Such processes are characterized by conflicts over the direction of change and affected by the activities of a particular type of grouping, the development coalition. These coalitions are examined and implications are considered for training, education and Participatory technology development.
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In 2001, the Texas state legislature created the Texas Excellence Fund (TEF) and the University Research Fund (URF) with the purpose of supporting institutional excellence and research capacity at general academic institutions. Du...
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In 2001, the Texas state legislature created the Texas Excellence Fund (TEF) and the University Research Fund (URF) with the purpose of supporting institutional excellence and research capacity at general academic institutions. During the 2002-2003 biennium, participating Texas public universities received revenues from these funds (Legislative Budget Board [LBB] Staff, 2002). However, for the 2004-2005 biennium, Texas Governor Rick Perry vetoed appropriations for both funds (State of Texas, 2003). In 2005, as a replacement to the TEF and the URF, the Research Development Fund (RDF) was established to promote increased research capacity at eligible general academic institutions (Texas Education Code, Chapter 62.091, 2005). The purpose of this study was to examine the impact the RDF may have had in improving the research capacity of participating universities by examining the change in external sources in relationship to the change in the level of RDF resources. In addition, the study examined the relationship between changes in external resources and selected institutional characteristics. For purposes of this study, the state incentive funds, TEF, URF, and RDF were referred to as RDF since it is the latest designation and has the same purpose of all previous funds.
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The importance of R&D investment in explaining economic growth is well documented in the literature. Policies by modern governments increasingly recognise the benefits of supporting R&D investment. Government funding has, however, become an increasingly scarce resource in times of financial crisis and economic austerity. Hence, it is important that available funds are used and targeted effectively. This paper offers the first systematic review and critical discussion of what the R&D literature has to say currently about the effectiveness of major public R&D policies in increasing private R&D investment. Public policies are considered within three categories, R&D tax credits and direct subsidies, support of the university research system and the formation of high-skilled human capital, and support of formal R&D cooperations across a variety of institutions. Crucially, the large body of more recent literature observes a shift away from the earlier findings that public subsidies often crowd-out private R&D to finding that subsidies typically stimulate private R&D. Tax credits are also much more unanimously than previously found to have positive effects. University research, high-skilled human capital, and R&D cooperation also typically increase private R&D. Recent work indicates that accounting for non-linearities is one area of research that may refine existing results....
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The importance of R&D investment in explaining economic growth is well documented in the literature. Policies by modern governments increasingly recognise the benefits of supporting R&D investment. Government funding has, however, become an increasingly scarce resource in times of financial crisis and economic austerity. Hence, it is important that available funds are used and targeted effectively. This paper offers the first systematic review and critical discussion of what the R&D literature has to say currently about the effectiveness of major public R&D policies in increasing private R&D investment. Public policies are considered within three categories, R&D tax credits and direct subsidies, support of the university research system and the formation of high-skilled human capital, and support of formal R&D cooperations across a variety of institutions. Crucially, the large body of more recent literature observes a shift away from the earlier findings that public subsidies often crowd-out private R&D to finding that subsidies typically stimulate private R&D. Tax credits are also much more unanimously than previously found to have positive effects. University research, high-skilled human capital, and R&D cooperation also typically increase private R&D. Recent work indicates that accounting for non-linearities is one area of research that may refine existing results.
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